What We Measure

Instruments

SAIL will bring nearly four dozen instruments to advance the campaign's research. This is a preliminary list of those instruments.

AEROSOL CHEMICAL SPECIATION MONITOR (ACSM)

What it Measures: The mass concentrations of organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride in surface-deposited aerosols

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 10 minutes

Range: N/A

Rationale: Surface aerosol composition information is needed to understand aerosol sources and their impacts on watershed hydro-biogeochemistry

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#acsm

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/acsm_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::acsm/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/uhsas

Aerosol Observing System Meteorology Station (AOSMET)

What it Measures: Humidity, temperature and winds

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 second

Range: N/A

Rationale: Secondary surface meteorology conditions are needed for constraining sublimation rates and ambient atmospheric conditions for aerosols.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#aosmet

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-184.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::aosmet/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/aosmet

Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)

What it Measures: Vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity

Dimensions of Measurement: Z, limited X,Y

Spatial Resolution: 100 m

Temporal Resolution: 30 seconds

Range: 10 km

Rationale: Vertical profiles of temperature and humidity and their horizontal variability (instrument can be programmed to scan up to 45 degrees from zenith) are needed to estimate sublimation tendencies and radiation sensitivity studies.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#aeri

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/aeri_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::aeri/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/aeri

Carbon Monoxide Mixing Ratio System (CO)

What it Measures: Carbon Monoxide

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Carbon monoxide measurements are needed for determining when observed aerosols may be the result of combustion.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#co

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/co_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::co-analyzer/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/co-analyzer

Ceilometer (CEIL)

What it Measures: Planetary boundary layer height, cloud base height, vertical visiblity, atmospheric backscatter

Dimensions of Measurement: Z

Spatial Resolution: 10 m

Temporal Resolution: 16 seconds

Range: 7.5 km

Rationale: Ceilometer data are needed for determining clear-sky and/or aerosol-free conditions.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#ceil

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/ceil_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::ceil/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/ceil

Cimel Sunphotometer (CSPHOT)

What it Measures: Direct solar irradiance and sky radiance at the Earth’s surface

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Aerosol optical depth measurements are needed for constraining aerosol radiative effects.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#csphot

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/csphot_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::csphot/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/csphot

Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter (CCN)

What it Measures: Cloud condensation nuclei

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 second

Range: N/A

Rationale: Cloud condensation nuclei are needed to characterize relationships between observed cloud and aerosol properties to characterize aerosol/cloud and aerosol/precipitation interactions.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#ccn

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/ccn_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::ccn/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/ccn

Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)

What it Measures: Sub-micron aerosol particle number concentration

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 second

Range: N/A

Rationale: Condensation particle observations are needed for measuring fine and ultrafine aerosol particle modes to characterize aerosol sources and aerosol/precipitation interactions.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#cpc

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/cpc_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::cpc/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/cpc

Disdrometer (PARS2)

What it Measures: Surface precipitating hydrometeor particle size and fall speed

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Surface precipitating or entrained hydrometeor particle size and fall speed are needed for validating X-band radar retrievals, especially for snow.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#Disdrometer

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/disdrometer_handbook.pdf

Doppler Lidar (DL)

What it Measures: 3-D radial wind velocities

Dimensions of Measurement: X,Y,Z

Spatial Resolution: 30 m

Temporal Resolution: 30 seconds

Range: 10 km

Rationale: Spatially-distributed wind measurements are needed for determining snow erosion/deposition, advective fluxes, and contextualizing latent/sensible heat fluxes.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#dl

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/dl_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::dl/site_code::guc

Instrument Range Height Indicator (RHI) Scans: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/s::gucdlrhiM1.b1

Instrument Plan Position Indicator (PPI) Scans:

https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/s::gucdlppiM1.b1

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/dl

Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System (ECOR)

What it Measures: Turbulent fluxes of momentum, latent and sensible heat

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 30 minutes

Range: N/A

Rationale: Eddy covariance measurements are needed for determining turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat which are needed for characterizing the surface energy balance.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#ecor

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/ecor_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::ecor/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/ecor

Ground Radiometers on Stand for Upwelling Radiation (GNDRAD)

What it Measures: Shortwave and Longwave Broadband Radiative Flux

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Surface shortwave and longwave radiation components are needed for understanding the surface energy balance and its controls.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#gndrad

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/sirs_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::gndrad/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/gndrad

High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL)

What it Measures: Vertical profiles of optical depth, backscatter cross-section, depolarization, and backscatter phase function

Dimensions of Measurement: Z

Spatial Resolution: 7.5 m

Temporal Resolution: 5 seconds

Range: 30 km

Rationale: These observations are needed to understand the scattering properties of particles including aerosols and blowing snow, including differentiating blown and precipitating snow.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#hsrl

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/hsrl_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::hsrl/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/hsrl

Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA)

What it Measures: Aerosol particle hygroscopicity

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 10 minutes

Range: N/A

Rationale: These observations are needed to characterize aerosol susceptibility to atmospheric water vapor, particularly in bimodal aerosol regimes.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#htdma

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/htdma_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::htdma/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/htdma

Infrared Thermometer (IRT)

What it Measures: Equivalent blackbody brightness temperature in field of view (downwelling or upwelling)

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 3 seconds

Range: N/A

Rationale: Surface radiative temperature are needed for characterizing surface longwave radiation and emissivity and help characterize the surface energy balance.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#irt

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/irt_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::irt/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/irt

Ka Band Zenith Radar (KAZR)

What it Measures: Measure vertically-resolved cloud particle profiles from radar observations of Doppler velocity, reflectivity, and spectral width of Ka band frequencies

Dimensions of Measurement: Z

Spatial Resolution: 30 m

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: 20 km

Rationale: Vertical cloud properties are needed for constraining cloud/precipitation microphysics and cloud susceptibility to aerosols.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#kazr

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/kazr_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::kazr/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/kazr

MicroPulse Lidar (MPL)

What it Measures: Aerosol and cloud location and scattering property profiles, hydrometeor phase

Dimensions of Measurement: Z

Spatial Resolution: 15 m

Temporal Resolution: 10 seconds

Range: 18 km

Rationale: These observations are needed to measure the impact of clouds and aerosols and surface radiation.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#mpl

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/mpl_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::mpl/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/mpl

Microwave Radiometer 3-Channel (MWR3C)

What it Measures: Total column liquid water in clouds and total column gaseous water vapor, derived from brightness temperature observations at 23.8, 30, and 89 GHz

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 second

Range: N/A

Rationale: Primary observations on column-water vapor and cloud water are needed to constrain water vapor profiles and cloud radar measurements.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#mwr3c

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/mwr3c_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::mwr3c/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/mwr3c

Microwave Radiometer Line of Sight (MWRLOS)

What it Measures: Total column liquid water in clouds and total column gaseous water vapor, derived from brightness temperature observations at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 second

Range: N/A

Rationale: Secondary observations of column-water vapor and cloud water are needed to constrain water vapor profiles and cloud radar measurements.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#mwr

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/mwr_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::mwr/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/mwr

Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR)

What it Measures: Aerosol optical depth, diffuse and direct radiation, total water vapor derived from radiance at 6 channels from 415 nm to 940 nm

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Ambient aerosol amount measurements are needed to constrain aerosol optical depths for understanding their radiative impacts.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#mfrsr

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/mfrsr_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::mfrsr/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/mfrsr

Nephelometer (NEPH)

What it Measures: Scattering and hemispheric backscatter of aerosols

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 5 seconds

Range: N/A

Rationale: These observations are needed to characterize aerosol light absorption and scattering data from sampling sub- vs. super-micron data with different impactor size cuts.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#nephelometer

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/nephelometer_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::nephelometer/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/nephelometer

Ozone Monitor (O3)

What it Measures: Surface atmospheric ozone concentration

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 5 seconds

Range: N/A

Rationale: Ozone surface concentrations are needed for determining potential sources of transported aerosols.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#ozone

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/ozone_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::ozone/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/ozone

Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP)

What it Measures: Bulk absorption of surface atmospheric aerosols

Dimensions of Measurement: Point Obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 second

Range: N/A

Rationale: Aerosol absorption observations are needed to determine when aerosols are dominated by Black Carbon versus other light absorbing species, such as Brown Carbon and dust.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#psap

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/psap_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::psap/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/psap

Radar Wind Profiler (1290BSRWP)

What it Measures: Vertical wind profiles

Dimensions of Measurement: Z

Spatial Resolution: 10 m

Temporal Resolution: 6 hours

Range: 10 km

Rationale: Continuous vertical wind profiles are needed in non-precipitating conditions to resolve wind gradients in Boundary Layer and Free Troposphere to help characterize sublimation.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#rwp

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/rwp_handbook.pdf

Radiosonde (SONDE)

What it Measures: Atmospheric profiles of temperature and water vapor above AMF2

Dimensions of Measurement: Z

Spatial Resolution: 0.1 m

Temporal Resolution: 1 hour

Range: 6 km

Rationale: These observations are needed for determining atmospheric thermodynamic profiles for sublimation, evaporation, and radiation.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#sonde

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/sonde_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::sonde/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/sonde

Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2)

What it Measures: Surface atmospheric soot mass

Dimensions of Measurement: Point obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 60 seconds

Range: N/A

Rationale: These data are needed for identifying Black Carbon aerosols, for determining dominant aerosol species, and for identifying when absorbing aerosols are dominated by absorbing dust and Brown Carbon.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#sp2

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/doe-sc-arm-tr-169.pdf

Sky Radiometers on stand for Downwelling Radiation (SKYRAD)

What it Measures: Surface downwelling solar and infrared broadband radiation

Dimensions of Measurement: Point obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation are needed for validating surface radiative flux measurements and establishing their heterogeneity.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#skyrad

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/sirs_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::skyrad/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/skyrad

Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS)

What it Measures: Surface upwelling and downwelling solar and infrared broadband radiation

Dimensions of Measurement: Point obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 30 minutes

Range: N/A

Rationale: The surface energy and simultaneous soil moisture data are needed to interpret surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#sebs

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/sebs_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::sebs/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/sebs

Surface Meteorology System (MET)

What it Measures: Surface wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, rain-rate

Dimensions of Measurement: Point obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Primary surface meteorology conditions are needed for constraining sublimation rates and ambient atmospheric conditions for aerosols.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#met

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/met_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::met/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/met

Total Sky Imager (TSI)

What it Measures: Horizontal distribution of cloud sky fraction surrounding the AMF2

Dimensions of Measurement: X,Y

Spatial Resolution: <45 m

Temporal Resolution: 30 seconds

Range: 6 km

Rationale: Spatially-resolved cloud fraction data are needed to characterize the spatial distribution of clouds and determine how their heterogeneity impacts the surface energy balance.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#tsi

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/tsi_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::tsi/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/tsi

Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS)

What it Measures: Optical scattering of aerosols to determine their size distribution at the surface

Dimensions of Measurement: Point obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 10 seconds

Range: N/A

Rationale: Surface aerosol size distribution information for fine particles are needed to characterize aerosol-precipitation interactions.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#uhsas

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/uhsas_handbook.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::uhsas/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/uhsas

Weighing Bucket Precipitation Gauge (WBPLUVIO2)

What it Measures: Surface warm-season precipitation

Dimensions of Measurement: Point obs

Spatial Resolution: N/A

Temporal Resolution: 1 minute

Range: N/A

Rationale: Surface warm-season precipitation observations are needed to validate X-band scanning radar estimates of precipitation.

Instrument Mentor: https://www.arm.gov/connect-with-arm/organization/instrument-mentors/list#wb

Instrument Handbook: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-232.pdf

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/instrument_class_code::wb/site_code::guc

Instrument Description: https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/wb

X-Band Polarimetric Weather Radar (XBPWR)

What it Measures: Precipitation amount and type

Dimensions of Measurement: X,Y,Z

Spatial Resolution: 100 m

Temporal Resolution: 15 minutes

Range: 50 km

Rationale: The spatial and temporal distribution of both the amount of precipitation and the type of precipitation that is occurring is needed to investigate the causes of spatial and temporal variability in this quantity.

Instrument Mentor: Venkatachalam Chandrasekar (CSU)

Instrument Handbook: http://radarmet.atmos.colostate.edu/casa/

Instrument Data: https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results/id::gucxprecipradarS2.00_DBZhv_macro_xprecipradar_cloud